Arrest and trial of Alberto Fujimori

In 2000, former Peruvian dictator and president Alberto Fujimori fled Peru during his incumbency and took refuge in Japan, following multiple criminal charges of corruption and human rights abuses filed by the Congress of the Republic of Peru against him. While in Japan he submitted his presidential resignation via fax. Peru's legislature refused to accept his resignation, instead voting on November 22, 2000 to remove Fujimori from office on the grounds that he was "permanently morally disabled".

Peru had requested Fujimori's extradition from Japan, which was refused by the Japanese government due to Fujimori being a Japanese citizen, and Japanese laws stipulating against extraditing its citizens.

In November, 2005, Fujimori was arrested by authorities in Santiago, Chile while visiting the country, following a arrest warrant by a Chilean judge on behalf of Peru. He was formally extradited to Peru around September, 2007 In December 2007, Fujimori was convicted of ordering an illegal search and seizure, and was sentenced to six years in prison. The Peruvian Supreme Court upheld the decision upon his appeal. In April 2009 Fujimori was convicted of human rights violations and sentenced to 25 years in prison for his role in killings and kidnappings by the Grupo Colina death squad during his government's battle against far-left guerrillas in the 1990s.

The verdict, delivered by a three-judge panel, marked the first time that an elected head of state has been extradited to his home country, tried, and convicted of human rights violations. Fujimori was specifically found guilty of murder, bodily harm, and two cases of kidnapping. In July 2009 Fujimori was sentenced to seven and a half years in prison for embezzlement after he admitted to giving $15 million from the Peruvian treasury to his intelligence service chief, Vladimiro Montesinos. Two months later he pled guilty in a fourth trial to bribery and received an additional six-year term. Under Peruvian law all the sentences must run concurrently, with a maximum length of imprisonment of 25 years.

On 24 December 2017, President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski pardoned him on health grounds. The Peruvian Supreme Court overturned the pardon in October 2018, ruling that crimes against humanity are unpardonable. The Constitutional Court of Peru, in a 4–3 ruling on 17 March 2022, reinstated the pardon, though it was not clear if or when he may be released. On 8 April 2022, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights overruled the Constitutional Court and ordered Peru not to release Fujimori. On 5 December 2023, the Constitutional Court of Peru ordered the release of the former president from prison.