Body image (neuroscience)

Body image is a complex construct, often used in the clinical context of describing a patient's cognitive perception of their own body. The medical concept began with the work of the Austrian neuropsychiatrist and psychoanalyst Paul Schilder, described in his book The Image and Appearance of the Human Body first published in 1935. The term "body image" was officially introduced by Schilder himself and his widely used definition is: “body image is the picture of our own body we form in our mind, that is to say the way in which the body appears to ourselves”. In research with the term “body image” we currently refer to a conscious mental representation of one’s own body, which involves affects, attitudes, perceptual components and cognition. On the contrary, the term "body schema" was initially used to describe an unconscious body mental representation fundamental for action. Keizer and colleagues (2013) suggest the following definition: "[body schema is] an unconscious, sensorimotor, representation of the body that is invoked in action". In light of recent scientific developments regarding the multisensory integration of body sensations, the distinction between body image and body schema appears simplistic and probably no longer useful for scientific research and clinical purposes.

Engaging in social comparisons, particularly upward comparisons to individuals perceived as superior, can negatively affect self-evaluations and body image. Research indicates that exposure to idealized media images, such as models embodying cultural beauty standards, often leads to unfavorable body-image outcomes. Specifically for women, who are more likely to engage in upward appearance comparisons. Individual differences play a crucial role in which appearance comparison tendencies occur. Identifying modifiable risk factors linked to appearance comparisons is crucial for reducing their frequency and preventing body dissatisfaction. The Identity Disruption Model suggests that early adverse experiences, such as abuse or neglect, can disrupt identity development, leading to low self-concept clarity and an increased tendency to compare oneself to others.