Toll-like receptor 9

TLR9
Identifiers
Aliases	TLR9, CD289, toll like receptor 9
External IDs	OMIM: 605474; MGI: 1932389; HomoloGene: 68126; GeneCards: TLR9; OMA:TLR9 - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 3 (human)
End	52,225,645 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 9 (mouse)
End	106,104,082 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	blood; ; granulocyte; ; lymph node; ; bone marrow cells; ; spleen; ; monocyte; ; cerebellar hemisphere; ; right hemisphere of cerebellum; ; gastrocnemius muscle; ; skeletal muscle tissue;
	Top expressed in
	zygote; ; gastrula; ; secondary oocyte; ; morula; ; granulocyte; ; sternocleidomastoid muscle; ; spleen; ; digastric muscle; ; temporal muscle; ; thymus;
	More reference expression data
	n/a
Gene ontology
Molecular function	siRNA binding; interleukin-1 receptor binding; transmembrane signaling receptor activity; 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity; protein homodimerization activity; unmethylated CpG binding; pattern recognition receptor activity;
Cellular component	cytoplasm; integral component of membrane; endosome; endoplasmic reticulum membrane; membrane; early phagosome; Golgi membrane; plasma membrane; extracellular region; basolateral plasma membrane; apical plasma membrane; endoplasmic reticulum; phagocytic vesicle; endolysosome membrane; lysosome; endosome membrane; cytoplasmic vesicle; extracellular space; endolysosome;
Biological process	positive regulation of interleukin-18 production; positive regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway; positive regulation of inflammatory response; positive regulation of interleukin-12 production; axonogenesis; positive regulation of interleukin-10 production; immune system process; positive regulation of JUN kinase activity; negative regulation of interleukin-6 production; I-kappaB phosphorylation; positive regulation of JNK cascade; positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process; MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway; negative regulation of interleukin-8 production; positive regulation of gene expression; negative regulation of ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity; negative regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway; defense response to bacterium; maintenance of gastrointestinal epithelium; positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production; positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity; positive regulation of interleukin-8 production; positive regulation of interleukin-6 production; positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production; positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling; positive regulation of chemokine production; tumor necrosis factor production; toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway; innate immune response; inflammatory response; response to molecule of bacterial origin; negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity; positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II; signal transduction; positive regulation of interferon-beta production; toll-like receptor signaling pathway; phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate biosynthetic process; positive regulation of immunoglobulin production; positive regulation of B cell proliferation; regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway; positive regulation of MAPK cascade; regulation of B cell differentiation; positive regulation of B cell activation; positive regulation of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling; immune response; I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling; defense response to virus;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	54106
	81897
	ENSG00000239732
	ENSMUSG00000045322
	Q9NR96
	Q9EQU3
	NM_138688; NM_017442
	NM_031178
	NP_059138
	NP_112455
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Toll-like receptor 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR9 gene. TLR9 has also been designated as CD289 (cluster of differentiation 289). It is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family. TLR9 is an important receptor expressed in immune system cells including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, and other antigen presenting cells. TLR9 is expressed on endosomes internalized from the plasma membrane, binds DNA (preferentially DNA containing unmethylated CpGs of bacterial or viral origin), and triggers signaling cascades that lead to a pro-inflammatory cytokine response. Cancer, infection, and tissue damage can all modulate TLR9 expression and activation. TLR9 is also an important factor in autoimmune diseases, and there is active research into synthetic TLR9 agonists and antagonists that help regulate autoimmune inflammation.