Carotid artery dissection

Carotid artery dissection is a serious condition in which a tear forms in one of the two main carotid arteries in the neck, allowing blood to enter the artery wall and separate its layers (dissection). This separation can lead to the formation of a blood clot, narrowing of the artery, and restricted blood flow to the brain, potentially resulting in stroke. Symptoms vary depending on the extent and location of the dissection and may include a sudden, severe headache, neck or facial pain, vision changes, a drooping eyelid (Horner's syndrome), and stroke-like symptoms such as weakness or numbness on one side of the body, difficulty speaking, or loss of coordination.

Carotid artery dissection can occur spontaneously or be triggered by trauma, including minor injuries, certain medical conditions, or activities that involve neck movement. It is a leading cause of stroke in young and middle-aged adults. The condition is typically diagnosed through imaging studies, such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), or computed tomography angiography (CTA), which help visualize the blood vessels and detect abnormalities.

Management of carotid artery dissection depends on the severity and symptoms. Treatment options often include medications like anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents to prevent blood clot formation and reduce the risk of stroke. In more severe cases, surgical or endovascular interventions, such as stenting or angioplasty, may be required to restore proper blood flow. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes, though the prognosis can vary based on the extent of the dissection and the presence of complications.