Cassiterite
| Cassiterite | |
|---|---|
Cassiterite surrounded by muscovite, from Xuebaoding, Huya, Pingwu, Mianyang, Sichuan, China (size: 100 × 95 mm, 1128 g) | |
| General | |
| Category | Oxide minerals |
| Formula | SnO2 |
| IMA symbol | Cst |
| Strunz classification | 4.DB.05 |
| Crystal system | Tetragonal |
| Crystal class | Ditetragonal dipyramidal (4/mmm) H-M symbol: (4/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Space group | P42/mnm |
| Unit cell | a = 4.7382(4) Å, c = 3.1871(1) Å; Z = 2 |
| Identification | |
| Color | Black, brownish black, reddish brown, brown, red, yellow, gray, white; rarely colorless |
| Crystal habit | Pyramidic, prismatic, radially fibrous botryoidal crusts and concretionary masses; coarse to fine granular, massive |
| Twinning | Very common on {011}, as contact and penetration twins, geniculated; lamellar |
| Cleavage | {100} imperfect, {110} indistinct; partings on {111} or {011} |
| Fracture | Subconchoidal to uneven |
| Tenacity | Brittle |
| Mohs scale hardness | 6–7 |
| Luster | Adamantine to adamantine metallic, splendent; may be greasy on fractures |
| Streak | White to brownish |
| Diaphaneity | Transparent when light colored, dark material nearly opaque; commonly zoned |
| Specific gravity | 6.98–7.1 |
| Optical properties | Uniaxial (+) |
| Refractive index | nω = 1.990–2.010 nε = 2.093–2.100 |
| Birefringence | δ = 0.103 |
| Pleochroism | Pleochroic haloes have been observed. Dichroic in yellow, green, red, brown, usually weak, or absent, but strong at times |
| Fusibility | infusible |
| Solubility | insoluble |
| References | |
Cassiterite is a tin oxide mineral, SnO2. It is generally opaque, but it is translucent in thin crystals. Its luster and multiple crystal faces produce a desirable gem. Cassiterite was the chief tin ore throughout ancient history and remains the most important source of tin today.