East Timorese rebellion of 1911–1912

East Timorese rebellion of 1911-1912
	; Map of the revolt of 1911–1912: flames indicate centres of rebellion, crossed swords indicate battles, red dots villages.
Date	1911–1912
Location	Portuguese Timor
Result	Portuguese victory
Belligerents
Kingdom of Manufahi	Portugal
Commanders and leaders
Boaventura da Costa	Filomeno da Câmara Melo Cabral; Jaime do Inso; Gago Coutinho; Alvares da Silva †
Strength
12,000+ rebels	8,000 Irregulars; 647 Second-line troops; 500 First-line troops; 1 gunboat
Casualties and losses
3,424 dead; 12,567 wounded; Huge loss of war material	289 dead; 600 wounded

The East Timorese rebellion of 1911–1912, sometimes called the Great Rebellion or Rebellion of Manufahi, was a response to the efforts of Portuguese colonial authorities to collect a head tax and enforce the corvée, part of their larger effort to encourage cash crop agriculture and construct modern infrastructure. The countrywide conflict of 1911–12 was the culmination of a series of revolts led by Dom Boaventura, the liurai (chief) of the native kingdom of Manufahi. The first lasted from 1894 to 1901, the second from 1907 to 1908. In 1911 Boaventura led an alliance of local kingdoms in the last and most serious revolt against the Portuguese.

In February 1912 rebels from one kingdom entered the colonial capital of Dili, killing and burning as they went. They looted Government House and decapitated several Portuguese soldiers and officers. In August, the Portuguese brought in troops from Mozambique and a gunboat from Macau to suppress the revolt.

The revolt cost 3,424 Timorese killed and 12,567 wounded, and 289 Portuguese killed and 600 wounded. After 1912 the Portuguese pacification of East Timor was complete. They also ceased to appoint hereditary liurais and the native states went extinct. The rebellion of 1912 was seminal in creating an East Timorese identity distinct from "Portuguese subject" or just "Timorese".