Economy of Poland

Economy of Poland
	Warsaw, central business district
Currency	Polish złoty (PLN, zł)
Fiscal year	Calendar year
Trade organisations	EU, WTO and OECD
Country group	Developing/Emerging; High-income economy; Diversified European (EU, non-EA) economy; Welfare state;
Statistics
Population	38,179,800 (31 March 2021)
GDP	$1 trillion (nominal, 2025); $2.02 trillion (PPP, 2025);
GDP rank	20th (nominal, 2025); 19th (PPP, 2025);
GDP growth	+2.9% (2024); +3.2% (2025); +3.1% (2026);
GDP per capita	$26,810 (nominal, 2025); $55,190 (PPP, 2025);
GDP per capita rank	44th (nominal, 2025); 37th (PPP, 2025);
GDP by sector	agriculture: 2.9%; industry: 28.7%; services: 58.8%; (2023 est.);
Inflation (CPI)	3.7% (2024); 4.3% (2025); 3.4% (2026);
Population below poverty line	11.8% (2022); 16.3% at risk of poverty or social exclusion (2023);
Gini coefficient	26.0 low (2024)
Human Development Index	0.906 very high (2023) (35th); 0.817 very high IHDI (2023) (37th);
Corruption Perceptions Index	54 out of 100 points (2023, 47th rank)
Labour force	18,387,400 (2023); 77.9% employment rate (2023);
Labour force by occupation	agriculture: 6.2%; industry: 30.2%; services: 63.3%; (2024);
Unemployment	2.7% (May 2022); 9.5% youth unemployment (15 to 24 year-olds; July 2020);
Average gross salary	9,056 zł / €2,114 monthly (March 2025)
Average net salary	6,503 zł / €1,518 monthly (March 2025)
Main industries	machine building; iron and steel; mining coal; chemicals; ship building; food processing; furniture; glass; beverages; video games; textiles;
External
Exports	$469.3 billion (2023 est.)
Export goods	vehicle parts/accessories, plastic products, garments, electric batteries, computers (2022)
Main export partners	Germany 27%; Czech Republic 6%; France 6%; United Kingdom 5%; Netherlands 5%; (2022);
Imports	$419.701 billion (2023 est.)
Import goods	garments, crude petroleum, cars, vehicle parts/accessories, plastic products (2022)
Main import partners	Germany 23%; China 11%; Italy 5%; Netherlands 5%; Czech Republic 4%; (2022);
FDI stock	$282.6 billion (31 December 2017 est.); Abroad: $72.87 billion (31 December 2017 est.);
Current account	$1.584 billion (2017 est.)
Gross external debt	$241 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
Public finances
Government debt	49.6% of GDP (2023); PLN 1.7 trillion (2023);
Foreign reserves	$193.783 billion (2023 est.)
Budget balance	PLN 174 billion deficit (2023); −5.1% of GDP (2023);
Revenues	41.6% of GDP (2023)
Expenses	46.7% of GDP (2023)
Economic aid	€67 billion from European Structural and Investment Funds (2007–2013); €86 billion from European Structural and Investment Funds (2014–2020);
Credit rating	Standard & Poor's:; A- (Domestic); A- (Foreign); A (T&C Assessment); Outlook: Stable; Moody's:; A2; Outlook: Stable; Fitch:; A-; Outlook: Stable; Scope:; A; Outlook: Stable;
	All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

The economy of Poland is an emerging and developing, high-income, industrialized mixed economy that serves as the sixth-largest in the European Union by nominal GDP and fifth-largest by GDP (PPP). Poland boasts the extensive public services characteristic of most developed economies and is one of few countries in Europe to provide no tuition fees for undergraduate and postgraduate education and with universal public healthcare that is free at a point of use. Since 1988, Poland has pursued a policy of economic liberalisation but retained an advanced public welfare system. It ranks 19th worldwide in terms of GDP (PPP), 20th in terms of GDP (nominal), and 21st in the 2023 Economic Complexity Index. Among OECD nations, Poland has a highly efficient and strong social security system; social expenditure stood at roughly 22.7% of GDP.

The largest component of Poland's economy is the service sector (62.3%), followed by industry (34.2%) and agriculture (3.5%). Following the economic reform of 1989, Poland's external debt has increased from $42.2 billion in 1989 to $365.2 billion in 2014. Poland shipped US$224.6 billion worth of goods around the globe in 2017, while exports increased to US$221.4 billion. The country's top export goods include machinery, electronic equipment, vehicles, furniture, and plastics. Poland was the only economy in the EU to avoid a recession during the 2008 financial crisis.

As of 2019, the Polish economy had been developing steadily for 28 years, a record high in the EU. This record was only surpassed by Australia in the world economy. GDP per capita at purchasing power parity has grown on average by 6% p.a. over the last 20 years, the highest in Central Europe. Poland's GDP has increased seven-fold since 1990. Poland's nominal GDP has increased by 500% since 2000.