Indus River Delta

The Indus River Delta forms where the Indus River flows into the Arabian Sea, mostly in the southern Sindh province of Pakistan with a small portion in the Kutch Region of India. The delta covers an area of about 41,440 km² (16,000 sq mi), and is approximately 210 km (130 mi) across where it meets the sea. The active part of the delta is 6,000 km² in area (2,300 sq mi). The climate is arid, the region only receives between 25 and 50 centimetres (9.8 and 19.7 in) of rainfall in a normal year. The delta is home to the largest arid mangrove forests in the world, as well as many birds, fish and the Indus dolphin. The fifth largest in the world, the Indus Delta is a designated wetland and Ramsar site, containing seventeen major creeks or estuaries and numerous minor creeks. Major estuaries of the Indus are home to the Indian Ocean humpback dolphin.

The population of the active part of the delta was estimated at 900,000 in 2003. Most of the population depends on agriculture and fishing. Mangrove forests provide fuel wood. Many former settlements have been abandoned as result of lack of water in the Indus and the encroaching Arabian Sea.

The delta faces several issues. Since 1883, due to land erosion and sea intrusion it has shrunk by 92 percent from around 12,900 square kilometres (5,000 sq mi) to nearly 1,000 square kilometres (390 sq mi) in 2018. Since the 1940s, the delta has received less water as a result of large-scale irrigation works capturing large proportions of the Indus' flow before it reaches the delta. The result has been catastrophic for both the environment and the local population. As a result, the 2010 Pakistan floods were considered "good news" for the ecosystem and population of the river delta as they brought much needed fresh water.