Karl Kessler

Karl Fedorovich Kessler (Russian: Карл Фёдорович Ке́сслер, romanized: Karl Fyodorovich Kessler; 1 December [O.S. 19 November] 1815 – 15 March [O.S. 3 March] 1881) was a Baltic German zoologist who worked as a professor of biology at Saint Petersburg Imperial University. Among his contributions was the idea that evolution at an infraspecific level involved mutual aid and that Charles Darwin had placed too much emphasis on competition which he accepted as occurring at the interspecies level.

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