Chabad messianism
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Messianism in Chabad refers to the belief within some of the Chabad-Lubavitch community—a prominent group within Hasidic Judaism—regarding the Jewish messiah (Hebrew: מָשִׁיחַ, mashiach or moshiach). Central to this belief is the conviction that Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the seventh Rebbe of the Chabad-Lubavitch dynasty, is the awaited Messiah and leading the Jewish people into the Messianic Age.: 24
The concept of the Messiah is central to Judaism, representing an anticipated savior and bringer of universal peace and justice. Expected to restore Israel and gather in the Jewish diaspora, the Messiah is often linked to the Davidic lineage as foretold in the Hebrew Bible. Over centuries, beliefs about the Messiah have shaped Jewish thought, prayer, and tradition, reflecting a deep longing for spiritual fulfillment and communal restoration. The belief among Hasidic Jews that the leader of their dynasty could be the Jewish Messiah is traced to the Baal Shem Tov—the founder of Hasidism. During Schneerson's life, some Chabad members hoped he would be revealed as the Messiah, with the idea gaining attention inside and outside the movement during his final years.: 413 A few years before his death, a group within Chabad formed around their expressed belief that Schneerson was, indeed, the foretold Messiah, becoming known as mishichists (messianists). A typical statement of belief for Chabad messianists is the song and chant known as yechi adoneinu ("long live our master", Hebrew: יחי אדונינו). Customs vary among messianists as to when the phrase is recited.
Since Schneerson's death in 1994, some followers of Chabad have persisted in believing in him as the messiah. Chabad messianists either believe Schneerson will be resurrected from the dead to be revealed as the messiah, or go further and profess the belief that Schneerson never died in 1994 and is waiting to be revealed as messiah. The Chabad messianic phenomenon has been met mostly with public concerns or opposition from Chabad leadership, as well as non-Chabad Jewish leaders.
After Schneerson's death, a later Halachic ruling from some affiliated rabbis said that it was "incumbent on every single Jew to heed the Rebbe's words and believe that he is indeed King Moshiach, who will be revealed imminently". Outside of Chabad messianism, both in mainstream Chabad as well as in broader Judaism, these claims are rejected.
The concept of a Jewish messiah as a leader who would be revealed and mark the end of Jewish exile is a traditional Jewish belief. Additionally, it was not uncommon to attribute this messianic identity to various historic Jewish leaders. An early example of this type of belief is found in the Talmud, where various living sages are considered to be the messiah.
Treatment of this topic in Jewish law is not common to Jewish legal texts, with the exception of the writings of Maimonides. Maimonides delineated rabbinic criteria for identifying the Jewish messiah as a leader who studies Torah, observes the mitzvot, compels the Jews to observe the Torah, and fights the Wars of God. Additionally, the status of messiah may be determined first through a presumptive status (b'chezkat mashiach) and later a verified status (mashiach vadai).
The concept of the messiah is also prominent in Hasidism. In a notable incident, the founder of Hasidism, Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov, recounts a vision of an encounter with the messiah, who relates to him how the messiah's arrival may be hastened. Yehuda Eisenstein records in his book Otzer Yisrael that followers of Hasidic Rebbes will sometimes express hope that their leader will be revealed as the awaited messiah. According to research by Israeli scholar Rachel Elior, there was a focus on messianism in Chabad during the lifetime of the sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe, Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, the father-in-law of Menachem Schneerson. The upsurge in messianic belief among Chabad adherents began in the 1980s, when followers of Menachem Schneerson started believing that he would be the messiah, a hope initially kept quiet until the early 1990s. Additionally, the hope for the leader to be the awaited messiah also involved Menachem Schneerson, who spoke of his deceased father-in-law as the awaited messiah.