Manifesto of the Thirty-Five
| Manifesto of the Thirty-Five | |
|---|---|
Manifesto of the Thirty-Five in French | |
| Created | February 1915 |
| Author(s) | Errico Malatesta |
| Signatories | Leonard Abbott, Alexander Berkman, Luigi Bertoni, George Ballard, A. Bernardo, Édouard Boudot, A. Calzitta, Henry Combes, Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis, Fred William Dunn, Carlo Frigerio, Emma Goldman, Vicente Garcia, Georges Bernard, Hippolyte Havel, Thomas Keell, Harry Kelly, Jules Lemaire, A. Marquez, Errico Malatesta, Noël Paravich, I. Rochtchine, Emidio Recchioni, Gerhard Rijnders, V. J. C. Schermerhorn, Alexander Schapiro, William Shatoff, A. Savioli, C. Trombetti, Pedro Vallina Martinez, Giuseppe Vignati, Lilian Wolfe, and Saul Yanovsky |
| Subject | Anarchism Antimilitarism |
| Full text | |
| Manifesto of the Thirty-Five at Wikisource | |
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The Manifesto of the Thirty-Five, originally titled The Anarchist International and the War, was an anarchist manifesto published in February 1915 in London. The text opposed the participation of anarchists in World War I and their support for any state-led war—a position that had been defended at the time by figures such as Peter Kropotkin and Benito Mussolini.
Written and conceived by Errico Malatesta, the document was signed by thirty-six prominent anarchist figures, including Emma Goldman, Alexander Berkman, and Luigi Bertoni. In it, Malatesta criticized the stance of anarchists who supported a war that was neither anti-colonial, nor a war of liberation, nor a revolution, but rather a conflict between capitalist powers against which anarchists ought to have fought.
The text was part of the intense debates on the issue within anarchist circles, and while the positions it defended are now generally shared by more recent anarchists, it provoked a major conflict in 1915. This led Kropotkin to respond with the Manifesto of the Sixteen, in which he called for support of the Triple Entente. Although Kropotkin and Malatesta remained friends later on, this episode deeply distanced them, with Malatesta holding Kropotkin responsible for the arrest of Rudolf Rocker by the British authorities.