Mongolian People's Republic
Mongolian People's Republic ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ Бүгд Найрамдах Монгол Ард Улс Bügd Nairamdakh Mongol Ard Uls | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1924–1992 | |||||||||
| Motto: Орон бүрийн пролетари нар нэгдэгтүн! Oron büriin prolietari nar negdegtün! "Workers of the world, unite!" | |||||||||
| Anthem: Монгол Интернационал Mongol Intiernacional "Mongol Internationale" (1924–1950)Бүгд Найрамдах Монгол Ард Улсын сүлд дуулал Bügd Nairamdakh Mongol Ard Ulsiin süld duulal "State Anthem of the Mongolian People's Republic" (1950–1992) | |||||||||
Mongolian People's Republic in 1989 | |||||||||
| Status | Satellite state of the Soviet Union (1928–1990) | ||||||||
| Capital and largest city | Ulaanbaatar | ||||||||
| Official languages | Mongolian | ||||||||
| Religion | State atheism (official) | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Mongolian | ||||||||
| Government | Unitary Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic (1924–1990) Unitary multi-party constitutional republic (1990–1992) | ||||||||
| Head of state | |||||||||
• 1924–1927 (first) | Peljidiin Genden | ||||||||
• 1990–1992 (last) | Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat | ||||||||
| Head of government | |||||||||
• 1924–1928 (first) | Balingiin Tserendorj | ||||||||
• 1990–1992 (last) | Dashiin Byambasüren | ||||||||
| Legislature | Little Khural (presidium; 1924–1951) | ||||||||
| State Little Khural (1990–1992) | |||||||||
| People's Great Khural | |||||||||
| Historical era | Interwar period · World War II · Cold War | ||||||||
| 1 March 1921 | |||||||||
| 26 November 1924 | |||||||||
| 20 October 1945 | |||||||||
| 25 October 1961 | |||||||||
| 29 June 1990 | |||||||||
| 12 February 1992 | |||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• Total | 1,564,116 km2 (603,909 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1992 estimate | 2,318,000 | ||||||||
| HDI (1992) | 0.560 medium | ||||||||
| Currency | Tögrög (MNT) | ||||||||
| Time zone | UTC+7/+8 | ||||||||
| UTC+8/+9 | |||||||||
| ISO 3166 code | MN | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Mongolia | ||||||||
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The Mongolian People's Republic (MPR) was a socialist state that existed from 1924 to 1992, located in the historical region of Outer Mongolia. Its independence was officially recognized by the Nationalist government of China in 1946. Until 1990, it was a one-party state ruled by the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party, and maintained close political and economic ties with the Soviet Union, as part of the Eastern Bloc.
Outer Mongolia gained independence from Qing China in 1911, and enjoyed brief autonomy before it was occupied by the Beiyang government of China in 1919. After a Soviet-backed revolution in 1921, the Mongolian People's Republic was established in 1924. It was led from 1939 to 1952 by Khorloogiin Choibalsan, who carried out Stalinist purges in the country, and from 1952 to 1984 by Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal, who allied with the Soviets during the 1960s Sino-Soviet split. In 1990, protests for democracy resulted in reforms, establishing a multi-party system, market economy, and a new constitution in 1992, ending the socialist republic.