Ronbun hakase

Ronbun Hakase (論文博士) is a method of obtaining a doctoral degree by way of dissertation without taking or completing a course of study. Ronbun (論文) means thesis or dissertation and hakase (博士) means doctoral degree in Japanese. It is also called Otsu Hakase (乙博士) or Otsu-gō Hakase (乙号博士). The other way of obtaining doctoral degree in Japan is katei hakase (課程博士), also called Kō Hakase (甲博士) or Kō-gō Hakase (甲号博士), which requires the applicant write a dissertation under the guidance of a doctoral advisor while taking a doctoral course of study. The character 乙 is often used at the beginning of the degree number of a ronbun hakase (e.g., 乙第12345号) while the character 甲 is used at the beginning of the degree number of katei hakase (e.g., 甲第67890号).

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