Sophistication (books)

Sophistication of books is the practice of making a book complete by replacing missing leaves with leaves from another copy. In some cases this is done with the intent to deceive or mislead, modifying and offering books for sale in an attempt to sell them for a higher value. When offered for sale, a book's description should be clear and unambiguous, and indicate exactly and in detail any changes that have been made to the book.

The modern idea of what constitutes a "perfect" copy of a book and the negative connotation that is often applied to "sophistication of books" developed in the mid-late 1900s. Some prefer to use the term “made-up” to indicate books that were recreated from multiple copies. Understanding and tracking details of sophisticated copies is particularly important for provenance, for bibliometrics and for studying the history of distribution and readership networks and book trade economics.