Umbriel
Grayscale image of Umbriel from Voyager 2, January 1986. Umbriel's surface is heavily battered; the bright crater Wunda can be seen at the top of the image. | |||||||||
| Discovery | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Discovered by | William Lassell | ||||||||
| Discovery date | October 24, 1851 | ||||||||
| Designations | |||||||||
Designation | Uranus II | ||||||||
| Pronunciation | /ˈʌmbriəl/ | ||||||||
| Adjectives | Umbrielian | ||||||||
| Orbital characteristics | |||||||||
| 266000 km | |||||||||
| Eccentricity | 0.0039 | ||||||||
| 4.144 d | |||||||||
Average orbital speed | 4.67 km/s (calculated) | ||||||||
| Inclination | 0.128° (to Uranus's equator) | ||||||||
| Satellite of | Uranus | ||||||||
| Physical characteristics | |||||||||
| 1,169.4±5.6 km | |||||||||
| 584.7±2.8 km (0.092 Earths) | |||||||||
| 4296000 km2 (0.008 Earths) | |||||||||
| Volume | 837300000 km3 (0.0008 Earths) | ||||||||
| Mass | (1.2885±0.0225)×1021 kg | ||||||||
Mean density | 1.539 g/cm3 (calculated) | ||||||||
| 0.195 m/s2 (~0.0257 g) | |||||||||
| 0.542 km/s | |||||||||
| presumed synchronous | |||||||||
| 0 | |||||||||
| Albedo |
| ||||||||
| |||||||||
| 15.1 | |||||||||
| Atmosphere | |||||||||
Surface pressure | zero (presumed to be extremely low) | ||||||||
Umbriel (/ˈʌmbriəl/) is the third-largest moon of Uranus. It was discovered on October 24, 1851, by William Lassell at the same time as neighboring moon Ariel. It was named after a character in Alexander Pope's 1712 poem The Rape of the Lock. Umbriel consists mainly of ice with a substantial fraction of rock, and may be differentiated into a rocky core and an icy mantle. The surface is the darkest among Uranian moons, and appears to have been shaped primarily by impacts, but the presence of canyons suggests early internal processes, and the moon may have undergone an early endogenically driven resurfacing event that obliterated its older surface.
Covered by numerous impact craters reaching 210 km (130 mi) in diameter, Umbriel is the second-most heavily cratered satellite of Uranus after Oberon. The most prominent surface feature is a ring of bright material on the floor of Wunda crater. This moon, like all regular moons of Uranus, probably formed from an accretion disk that surrounded the planet just after its formation. Umbriel has been studied up close only once, by the spacecraft Voyager 2 in January 1986. It took several images of Umbriel, which allowed mapping of about 40% of the moon's surface.