Urogenital tuberculosis

Urogenital tuberculosis, the second most frequent form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, develops in 2-20% of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis through hematogenous spread to the kidneys, prostate, and epididymis. The disease follows a descending pattern, spreading through the collecting system to the ureters, bladder, and urethra, and through the ejaculatory ducts to the male sex organs. Though most prevalent in males in their fourth and fifth decades, it can occur at any age and in both males and females.

Characterized by its slow, gradual progression, urogenital tuberculosis often remains without symptoms until reaching advanced stages, frequently resulting in diagnostic delays and significant urogenital organ destruction. The condition's serious but insidious nature is evidenced by cases where renal failure constitutes the initial clinical presentation. Despite being well-recognized by specialists, urogenital tuberculosis remains largely underdiagnosed, even when suggestive findings such as hematuria, sterile pyuria, and recurrent urinary infections are present, highlighting the importance of improved awareness and early diagnosis to prevent progressive organ damage.