Ammonia

Ammonia
Names
	IUPAC name Ammonia
	Systematic IUPAC name Azane
	Other names Hydrogen nitride; R-717; R717 (refrigerant); Amidogen; Hydrogen amine; Nitrogen hydride;
Identifiers
CAS Number	7664-41-7 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
Beilstein Reference	3587154
ChEBI	CHEBI:16134 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1160819 ;
ChemSpider	217 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.028.760
EC Number	231-635-3;
Gmelin Reference	79
KEGG	D02916 ;
MeSH	Ammonia
PubChem CID	222;
RTECS number	BO0875000;
UNII	5138Q19F1X ;
UN number	1005
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID0023872 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/H3N/h1H3 Key: QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/H3N/h1H3 Key: QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYAF;
	SMILES N;
Properties
Chemical formula	NH3
Molar mass	17.031 g·mol−1
Appearance	Colourless gas
Odor	Strong pungent odour
Density	0.86 kg/m3 (1.013 bar at boiling point); 0.769 kg/m3 (STP); 0.73 kg/m3 (1.013 bar at 15 °C); 0.6819 g/cm3 at −33.3 °C (liquid) See also Ammonia (data page); 0.817 g/cm3 at −80 °C (transparent solid);
Melting point	−77.73 °C (−107.91 °F; 195.42 K) (Triple point at 6.060 kPa, 195.4 K)
Boiling point	−33.34 °C (−28.01 °F; 239.81 K)
Critical point (T, P)	132.4 °C (405.5 K), 111.3 atm (11,280 kPa)
Solubility in water	530g/l(20 °C); 320g/l(25 °C);
Solubility	soluble in chloroform, ether, ethanol, methanol
Vapor pressure	857.3 kPa
Acidity (pKa)	32.5 (−33 °C), 9.24 (of ammonium)
Basicity (pKb)	4.75
Conjugate acid	Ammonium
Conjugate base	Amide
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−18.0×10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)	1.3327
Viscosity	10.07 µPa·s (25 °C); 0.276 mPa·s (−40 °C);
Structure
Point group	C3v
Molecular shape	Trigonal pyramid
Dipole moment	1.42 D
Thermochemistry
Std molar; entropy (S⦵298)	193 J/(mol·K)
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfH⦵298)	−46 kJ/mol
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H314, H331, H410
Precautionary statements	P260, P273, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340+P311, P305+P351+P338+P310
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	3 1 0 COR
Autoignition; temperature	651 °C (1,204 °F; 924 K)
Explosive limits	15.0–33.6%
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	350 mg/kg (rat, oral)
LC50 (median concentration)	40,300 ppm (rat, 10 min); 28,595 ppm (rat, 20 min); 20,300 ppm (rat, 40 min); 11,590 ppm (rat, 1 hr); 7338 ppm (rat, 1 hr); 4837 ppm (mouse, 1 hr); 9859 ppm (rabbit, 1 hr); 9859 ppm (cat, 1 hr); 2000 ppm (rat, 4 hr); 4230 ppm (mouse, 1 hr);
LCLo (lowest published)	5000 ppm (mammal, 5 min); 5000 ppm (human, 5 min);
	NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	50 ppm (25 ppm ACGIH-TLV; 35 ppm STEL)
REL (Recommended)	TWA 25 ppm (18 mg/m3) ST 35 ppm (27 mg/m3)
IDLH (Immediate danger)	300 ppm
Safety data sheet (SDS)	ICSC 0414 (anhydrous)
Related compounds
Related nitrogen hydrides	Hydrazine; Hydrazoic acid;
Related compounds	Ammonium hydroxide; Phosphine; Arsine; Stibine; Bismuthine;
Supplementary data page
	Ammonia (data page)
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula N H₃. A stable binary hydride and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinctive pungent smell. It is widely used in fertilizers, refrigerants, explosives, cleaning agents, and is a precursor for numeous chemicals. Biologically, it is a common nitrogenous waste, and it contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to fertilisers. Around 70% of ammonia produced industrially is used to make fertilisers in various forms and composition, such as urea and diammonium phosphate. Ammonia in pure form is also applied directly into the soil.

Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many chemicals. In many countries, it is classified as an extremely hazardous substance. Ammonia is toxic, causing damage to cells and tissues. For this reason it is excreted by most animals in the urine, in the form of dissolved urea.

Ammonia is produced biologically in a process called nitrogen fixation, but even more is generated industrially by the Haber process. The process helped revolutionize agriculture by providing cheap fertilizers. The global industrial production of ammonia in 2021 was 235 million tonnes. Industrial ammonia is transported by road in tankers, by rail in tank wagons, by sea in gas carriers, or in cylinders. Ammonia occurs in nature and has been detected in the interstellar medium.

Ammonia boils at −33.34 °C (−28.012 °F) at a pressure of one atmosphere, but the liquid can often be handled in the laboratory without external cooling. Household ammonia or ammonium hydroxide is a solution of ammonia in water.