Asghar Khan

Mohammad Asghar Khan (17 January 1921 – 5 January 2018) known as Night Flyer, held the distinction of being the first native and second Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) from 1957 to 1965. He has been described as the Father of the Pakistan Air Force. Additionally, he was the ninth president of the Pakistan Football Federation, an airline executive, politician, and author.

Born in Jammu and Kashmir, Khan graduated from the Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College. Aspiring to be a pilot, he intended to join RAF College Cranwell, but admissions were suspended. Instead, he enrolled at the Indian Military Academy in 1939, graduating with distinction and commissioned into the 9th Deccan Horse of the British Indian Army in 1940. With the onset of World War II, the Royal Indian Air Force asked for volunteers and Khan transferred in December of that year. Stationed in Hyderabad in 1942, he was ordered by the British martial law administrator of Sindh to attack a convoy of Hurs traveling with Pir of Pagaro VI. Leading three aircraft, Khan refused upon seeing it consisted of unarmed civilians and returned to base. Threatened with a court-martial, Khan replied, "I cannot follow an unlawful command."

Flight Lieutenant Khan led aerial operations in the Burma Campaign as Commander 'B' Flight, No. 9 Squadron RIAF. Promoted to Squadron Leader in 1945, he became the Commander of No. 9 Sqn. After the war, he considered resigning to participate in the Indonesian National Revolution but was advised by Jinnah to serve Pakistan's future air force. While attending the Day Fighter Leaders School at RAF West Raynham in 1946, he became the first Indian subcontinent pilot to fly a fighter jet, the Gloster Meteor III. After the 1947 Partition of British India, Khan opted for the Royal Pakistan Air Force and planned to move to Lahore with his wife. Their home in the Ambala cantonment was reassigned to Wing Commander Nair, who barred them from traveling by train. Though Khan refused to seek help, Nair informed AOC of the RPAF Perry-Keene, who arranged a flight to Peshawar, saving their lives, as all passengers on their intended train were killed.

At the age of 36 in 1957, Khan became the youngest Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Air Force and the youngest Air Vice Marshal in the world. At 37, he became the youngest Air Marshal. He modernised the Air Force by founding the Fighter Leader's School, Mauripur and PAF Staff College, inducting advanced aircraft such as the F-86 Sabre, B-57 Canberra, and the F-104 Starfighter. He also established several air stations, wings, squadrons, and implemented operational reforms. Rejecting a widespread West Pakistani notion that Bengalis were unfit for military service, Khan abolished height and chest measurements from recruitment criteria. Shortly before the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Khan switched offices with his successor, Air Marshal Nur Khan, and became the head of Pakistan International Airlines. Their tenures are considered the airline's golden age.

Criticising President Ayub Khan's regime, Asghar Khan entered politics alongside Syed Mahbub Murshed in 1968 after the arrest of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and spearheaded protests for his release. In 1970, Khan founded the Tehreek-e-Istiqlal. Following the commencement of Operation Searchlight, Khan led protests across East and West Pakistan, demanding the release of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, leveraging the popularity he had earned as Air Chief and repeatedly advocated for the rights of Bengalis. Subsequently, he opposed the Bengali genocide and demanded that President Yahya Khan be put on trial for his role. In the mid-1970s, Khan was the main figure behind the Pakistan National Alliance (PNA) against Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.

Elected to the National Assembly from Abbottabad and Karachi in the 1977 elections, Khan was arrested by Prime Minister Bhutto under martial law during a crackdown on nationwide protests against widely alleged electoral rigging. While imprisoned, Khan read in a newspaper that a Pakistan Army major had killed a civilian who had made a V sign toward the officer. In response, Khan wrote a letter urging military officers to distinguish between lawful and unlawful orders. While providing an excerpt from his letter, The Washington Post said Khan was "probably the most popular of the nine Alliance party leaders".

After negotiations between the opposition and Bhutto's government failed, General Zia-ul-Haq launched a coup d'état in July 1977 and placed Khan under house arrest, where he remained until 1984. During this time, Amnesty International recognised him as a prisoner of conscience. Although Khan had earlier led the PNA movement against Bhutto, who was executed in 1979, he publicly demanded Bhutto's release in a letter to Zia. In the letter, he also criticised the military regime for failing to hold promised elections within 90 days of the coup. Despite his stand against authoritarianism, Khan's political influence remained limited.

In 1996, Khan filed a lawsuit challenging the results of the 1990 elections, which came to be known as the Asghar Khan case. The election was marred by widespread rigging, with Nawaz Sharif securing victory through an election cell created by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan. Funds from the country's foreign exchange reserves were illegally redirected to Sharif by the Pakistan Army and the Inter-Services Intelligence, who manipulated the election by bribing politicians. In 2012, Generals Aslam Beg, Asad Durrani, Hamid Gul, and banker Yunus Habib publicly admitted their involvement in influencing the election results. The Supreme Court of Pakistan ruled in Khan's favour, and ordered the government to take action against those involved. Despite this, no one has faced any repercussions and the case remains largely forgotten. In 2011, Khan merged his party with Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf. At the age of 96, he died in early 2018 from cardiac arrest.