Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023)

In July, September, and October 2022, clashes broke out between the Hausa people and Funj and Berta peoples over land disputes in the Blue Nile state in southeastern Sudan, particularly the contentious establishment of a Hausa emirate in Blue Nile State. Over the course of several attacks and massacres, hundreds of civilians were killed up until the violence ended in January 2023. These clashes led to numerous casualties, mass displacement, and the imposition of a state of emergency in parts of Blue Nile State.

Blue Nile State harbours a diverse range of ethnic groups, including the long-established Hausa population, who faced historical discrimination and were often perceived as foreigners. Political dynamics, notably the actions of leaders like Malik Agar, played a significant role in escalating tensions. Agar's pursuit of power and alliances with the Hausa exacerbated ethnic rivalries.

The conflict witnessed over 600 civilian deaths and the displacement of 211,000 and 235,000. To mitigate future conflicts, the Sudanese government introduced measures to combat hate speech and racism. Tribal leaders also signed agreements aimed at ending hostilities.