Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948
| Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Indo-Pakistani wars, Kashmir conflict, and the Partition of India | |||||||||
Indian troops landing on Srinagar airfield | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Pakistan | |||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
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Louis Mountbatten Jawaharlal Nehru Roy Bucher K. M. Cariappa Subayya Thimayya Hari Singh Mehr Chand Mahajan Sheikh Abdullah |
Muhammad Ali Jinnah Liaquat Ali Khan Frank Messervy Douglas Gracey Akbar Khan Khurshid Anwar Zaman Kiani William Brown | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
| Indian Armed Forces |
Pakistan Armed Forces
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| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
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| Conflict began when Pashtun tribesmen and Tanoli from Pakistan invaded the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, prompting the armies of India and Pakistan to get involved shortly afterwards. | |||||||||
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The Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948, also known as the first Kashmir war, was a war fought between India and Pakistan over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir from 1947 to 1948. It was the first of four Indo-Pakistani wars between the two newly independent nations. Pakistan precipitated the war a few weeks after its independence by launching tribal lashkar (militias) from Waziristan, in an effort to capture Kashmir and to preempt the possibility of its ruler joining India.
Hari Singh, the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, was facing an uprising by his Muslim subjects in Poonch, and lost control in portions of the western districts. On 22 October 1947, Pakistan's Pashtun tribal militias crossed the border of the state. These local tribal militias and irregular Pakistani forces moved to take the capital city of Srinagar, but upon reaching Baramulla, they took to plunder and stalled. Maharaja Hari Singh made a plea to India for assistance, and help was offered, but it was subject to his signing of an Instrument of Accession to India.
The war was initially fought by the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces and by militias from the frontier tribal areas adjoining the North-West Frontier Province. Following the accession of the state to India on 26 October 1947, Indian troops were airlifted to Srinagar, the state capital. British commanding officers initially refused the entry of Pakistani troops into the conflict, citing the accession of the state to India. However, later in 1948, they relented and Pakistan's armies entered the war shortly afterwards. The fronts solidified gradually along what later came to be known as the Line of Control. A formal ceasefire was declared effective 1 January 1949. Numerous analysts state that the war ended in a stalemate, with neither side obtaining a clear victory. Others, however, state that India emerged victorious as it successfully gained the majority of the contested territory.