| HCAR1 |
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| Identifiers |
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| Aliases | HCAR1, GPR104, GPR81, HCA1, LACR1, TA-GPCR, TAGPCR, FKSG80, hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 |
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| External IDs | OMIM: 606923; MGI: 2441671; HomoloGene: 13060; GeneCards: HCAR1; OMA:HCAR1 - orthologs |
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| Gene location (Mouse) |
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| | Chr. | Chromosome 5 (mouse) |
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| | Band | 5|5 F | Start | 124,014,799 bp |
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| End | 124,018,083 bp |
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| RNA expression pattern |
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| Bgee | | Human | Mouse (ortholog) |
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| Top expressed in | - gonad
- spleen
- minor salivary glands
- body of stomach
- subcutaneous adipose tissue
- stromal cell of endometrium
- right lobe of thyroid gland
- left lobe of thyroid gland
- ganglionic eminence
- human kidney
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| | Top expressed in | - brown adipose tissue
- white adipose tissue
- mammary gland
- embryo
- transitional epithelium of urinary bladder
- subcutaneous adipose tissue
- esophagus
- dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell
- right kidney
- lacrimal gland
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| | More reference expression data |
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| BioGPS | |
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| Wikidata |
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Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCA1), formerly known as G protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HCAR1 gene. HCA1, like the other hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors HCA2 and HCA3, is a Gi/o-coupled G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The primary endogenous agonist of HCA1 is lactic acid (and its conjugate base, lactate). More recently, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid has been reported to activate HCA1.
Lactate was initially found to activate HCA1 on fat cells and thereby to inhibit these cells lipolysis i.e., break-down of their fats into free fatty acids and glycerol. Subsequent studies have found that in addition to fat cells, HCA1 is expressed on cells in the brain, skeletal muscle, lymphoid tissue, uterus, kidney, liver, and pancreas as well as on immune cells such as macrophages and antigen-presenting cells. In the brain, HCA1 acts to dampen neuron excitation and may also function to promote neurogenesis (the production of neurons from neural stem cells) and angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing blood vessels). The functions of HCA1 in non-fat and non-neural tissues have not been fully defined but in many cases appear to involve promoting the survival of cells, including various types of cancer cells.
