Neturei Karta

Neturei Karta (Aramaic: נָטוֹרֵי קַרְתָּא, romanized: Nāṭōrē Qartāʾ, lit. 'Guardians of the City') is a Jewish anti-Zionist organization that advocates Palestinian nationalism. Founded by and for Haredi Jews opposed to Zionism, it is primarily active in parts of Israel and the Western world, where it partakes in activism supporting a form of the one-state solution in which the Palestinian people control the combined territory of Israel and the State of Palestine. The group's opposition to Israel is rooted in its core religious belief that the Jewish exile must continue until the coming of the Hebrew Messiah.

Established in Jerusalem in 1938, Neturei Karta began as an offshoot of World Agudath Israel, which represented the most devout members of the Haredi community of the Old Yishuv. Initially, World Agudath Israel was largely opposed to the secular orientation of political Zionism, which it believed did not place enough importance on Judaism and thus constituted a threat to the Haredi way of life. However, it eventually reneged to reach an understanding with Zionist aspirations in light of World War II and the Holocaust. The founders of Neturei Karta, Amram Blau and Aharon Katzenelbogen, disagreed with the Aguda's accommodationist stance and broke off from the movement.

The general view of Neturei Karta is that Israel stands in opposition to God because it enabled an effectively secular undoing of the Jewish exile and does not govern by religious law. The group believes that the Jewish people may only be restored to the Land of Israel by the Messiah, who will bring about the resurrection of the dead, the ingathering of the exiles, and a complete return to Torah law. As such, it does not recognize Israel or the two-state solution, and has pursued relationships with entities throughout West Asia that seek to destroy Israel.

The group's views are considered fringe, even within Haredi Jewish circles. Most notably, Neturei Karta's activities and relationships with the Iranian government and many Holocaust deniers, including its members' attendance at the International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust in 2006, have drawn condemnation from many other Orthodox Jewish movements.