Yujia Yankou

The Yujia Yankou rite (Chinese: 瑜伽燄口; pinyin: Yújiā Yànkǒu), also known as the Yuqie Yankou rite, translated as the "Yoga Flaming Mouth Food Bestowal Rite", is an esoteric Chinese Buddhist ritual performed with the aim of feeding all sentient beings in saṃsāra. It is commonly performed during or at the end of regular religious temple events such as repentance rites (Chinese: 懺悔; pinyin: Chànhǔi), Buddha recitation retreats (Chinese: 佛七; pinyin: Fóqī), the dedication of a new monastic complex or gatherings for the transmission of monastic vows. It is also widely performed as a post-mortem rite within Chinese society during funerals and other related occasions such as the Ghost Festival. While the ritual originated as a rite to feed hungry ghosts, or egui (Chinese: 餓鬼; pinyin: Èguǐ), its scope and significance has been substantially extended to facilitate the nourishment and ultimate liberation of all sentient beings, including devas, asuras and humans. Due to the eclectic and non-exclusivist nature of Chinese Buddhism, where monks and nuns are usually trained in multiple Buddhist traditions and there is historically little to no sectarianism between the different traditions, the Yujia Yankou is practiced by monastics who are trained across all different traditions in Chinese Buddhism, such as Chan, Esoteric, Pure Land, Tiantai and Huayan Buddhism.

The ritual combines features of Chinese operatic tradition (including a wide range of instrumental music as well as vocal performances such as solo deliveries, antiphonal and choral singing), the recitation of sūtras similar to other Mahāyāna rituals as well as esoteric Vajrayāna practices (including maṇḍala offerings, recitation of esoteric mantras, execution of mudrās and visualization practices involving identifying oneself with a divinity). In particular, the usage of mantras, mudrās and maṇḍalas in the ritual correspond directly to the concept of the "Three Mysteries" (Chinese: 三密; pinyin: Sānmì) in tantric Buddhism: the "secrets" of body, speech and mind. The ritual is one out of several esoteric Chinese Buddhists rites dedicated to the salvation of sentient beings, such as the Mengshan Shishi (Chinese: 蒙山施食, pinyin: Méngshān Shīshí, lit: "Mengshan food bestowal") that is carried out in daily liturgical services. It is also usually performed as part of the more extensive Shuilu Fahui ceremony (Chinese: 水陸法會, pinyin: Shuǐlù Fǎhuì, lit: "Water and Land Dharma Assembly"), where its function is to aid in the salvation of all sentient beings.

A similar ritual known as the Lingbao Pudu rite (Chinese: 靈寶普度 pinyin: Língbǎo Pǔdù; lit: "Universal Salvation rites of Lingbao") exists in Taoist traditions. It resembles the ritual program of the Yujia Yankou rite (involving a descent to hell and a salvific nourishing of the beings of the universe), but possesses numerous striking differences such as the invocation of deities and figures from the Taoist pantheon in place of Buddhist figures, the utilization of specialized Taoist mantras and fulu (or written talismans) as well as the employment of a liturgy based on Taoist conceptualizations and understanding.