Causes of gender incongruence

Gender incongruence is the state of having a gender identity that does not correspond to one's sex assigned at birth. This is experienced by people who identify as transgender or transsexual, and often results in gender dysphoria. The causes of gender incongruence have been studied for decades.

Transgender brain studies, especially those on trans women attracted to women (gynephilic), and those on trans men attracted to men (androphilic), are limited, as they include only a small number of tested individuals. Twin studies indicate that genes play a role in gender incongruence, although the precise genes involved are not known or well understood.

Environmental factors, such as prenatal hormone exposure, have also been investigated but are difficult to test.

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