Iraqi–Kurdish conflict

Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1919-present)
	; Kurdish refugees in camps along the Turkey-Iraq border, 1991
Date	1919–present; (106 years and 4 weeks)
Location	Iraq
Status	Ongoing
Belligerents
Kingdom of Kurdistan (1922–1924) KDP; PUK; ICP; INC; Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq; Supported by:; Israel (1961–1970); Iran (before 1988); Syria (1980–1988); Iraqi Kurdistan; Enforcing No-Fly Zone per UNSC Resolution 688: United States; United Kingdom; France; Kurdistan Regional Government (2005–present)	Mandatory Iraq; Supported by:; United Kingdom (1922–1924) Kingdom of Iraq Iraqi Republic Ba'athist Iraq Republican Guard; Iraqi Ground Forces; Iraqi Police; Mukhabarat; National Defense Battalions (until 1991); Central Government of Iraq (2005–present)
Commanders and leaders
Mahmud Barzanji Ahmed Barzani Mustafa Barzani; Idris Barzani; Masoud Barzani; Babakir Zebari; Mahmoud Ezidi †; Margaret George Shello; Jalal Talabani; Ibrahim Ahmad; Ali Askari †; Nawshirwan Mustafa; Kosrat Rasul Ali; Mama Risha †; Uthman Abd-Asis; Ahmed Chalabi; Aziz Muhammad; Mohsen Rezaee; Ali Sayad Shirazi; Abdul Aziz al-Hakim John Shalikashvili	Faisal I of Iraq Faisal II of Iraq Abd al-Karim Qasim ; Abdul Salam Arif ; Abdul Rahman Arif; Tahir Yahya ; Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr †; Saddam Hussein ; Ali Hassan al-Majid ; Taha Yassin Ramadan ; Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri; Tariq Aziz; Saddam Kamel; Qusay Hussein †; Uday Hussein †
Strength
KDP:; 15,000–20,000 (1962); 6,000 (1970); 50,000–60,000 (1974); KDP & PUK:; 5,000 (1980); 100,000 (1991); Iraqi Kurdistan 70,000 (2003)	Iraqi Armed Forces; 48,000 (1969); 90,000 (1974); 180,000 (1978); 300,000 (1980); 1,000,000 (1988); 382,500 (1992); 424,000 (2002)
Casualties and losses
	163,800–345,100 killed[a]; Millions of Kurds displaced and turned refugees

The Iraqi–Kurdish conflict consists of a series of wars, rebellions and disputes between the Kurds and the central authority of Iraq starting in the 20th century shortly after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I. Some put the marking point of the conflict beginning to the attempt by Mahmud Barzanji to establish an independent Kingdom of Kurdistan, while others relate to the conflict as only the post-1961 insurrection by the Barzanis.

Since the US-led invasion of Iraq and the subsequent adoption of federalism in 2005 and the recognition of the Kurdistan Region (KRI) as a federal region in the new Iraqi constitution, the number and scope of armed clashes between the central government of Iraq and the Kurds have decreased. In spite of that, however, there are still outstanding issues that continue to cause strife such as the disputed territories of northern Iraq and the right to export oil and gas, leading to occasional disputes and armed clashes. In September 2023, following a series of punitive measures by the central government in Iraq against KRI, Masrour Barzani sent a letter to the President of the United States expressing concerns about a possible collapse of Kurdistan Region, and calling for the United States to intervene. In March 2024, after several court rulings issued against Kurdistan Region by the Supreme Court of Iraq, Kurdish authorities in Iraq expressed dissatisfaction at what they described as an evident shift of the political system in Iraq back towards centralism.